分类归档: C++

*HACK* 为QT的TCP socket连接绑定本地IP地址

有时候我们会在机器上同时绑定多个IP地址(可能都是在一个网卡上),但是我们却无法指定程序使用哪个IP地址去建立连接。
虽然我之前的另一篇文章《在Windows/Linux下程序指定IP地址》讲过一种hack的办法,但是并不总是那么有效。就比如博主最近遇到的一个QT写的程序,不知道为什么就是bind不了,不过万幸的是我们有源代码。
通过修改QT框架的QNativeSocketEngine的实现我们还是可以bind到我们需要的IP地址的。

源代码文件:src/network/socket/qnativesocketengine.cpp

在大概410行的位置,在 d->socketType = socketType 之前添加以下代码

if (socketType == QAbstractSocket::TcpSocket && protocol == QAbstractSocket::IPv4Protocol) {
        char* bind_addr;
        if (bind_addr = getenv("BIND_ADDR")) {
            QHostAddress bind_hostaddr = QHostAddress(QString::fromLocal8Bit(bind_addr));

            if (!d->nativeBind(bind_hostaddr, 0)) {
                qDebug("BIND %s failed", bind_addr);
            }

            // bind之后状态是QAbstractSocket::BoundState,但是connectToHost要求必须是UnconnectedState
            d->socketState = QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState;
        }
    }

使用方法

BIND_ADDR="你的IP地址" /path/to/your/program

好吧,用环境变量的办法当然不是那么美型,但是最直接有效。简单就是美啊。。。哈哈

Read: 1569

在Windows/Linux下让程序指定出口IP地址

Windows/Unix* 系统都支持为一个网卡绑定多个IP地址,但是通常操作系统会根据路由表自动选择IP地址,应用程序使用哪个IP地址用户无法主动控制。本文分别讲解在Linux和Windows下为应用程序绑定指定IP地址的方法。

关于Windows如何选择IP地址可以参考这篇文章:《Source IP address selection on a Multi-Homed Windows Computer》

一、 如何让Linux下的程序指定使用的IP地址

英文原文:《BINDING APPLICATIONS TO A SPECIFIC IP》

作者Daniel Ryde采用了LD_PRELOAD进行HACK,为应用程序注入一个动态库bind.so,这个动态库中对bind和connect函数加钩子,程序建立socket连接前绑定指定的本地IP地址。

使用方法:

Hessian:bind/ $ BIND_ADDR="192.168.8.9" LD_PRELOAD=./bind.so YOUR_PROGRAME

程序源码见文末

编译方法:

Hessian:bind/ $ gcc -nostartfiles -fpic -shared bind.c -o bind.so -ldl -D_GNU_SOURCE
Hessian:bind/ $ strip bind.so

二、 如何让Windows下的程序指定使用的IP地址

在Windows实现这个功能要相对麻烦一些,博主没有找到十分简单的办法,找了很久才发现这个高大上的东西——ForceBindIP – Bind any Windows application to a specific interface

程序原理就不翻译了,反正也没源码,不过大体跟linux版本的实现是差不多的,不过这边还多挂了WSA函数的钩子,覆盖的更完全。因为只会注入目标程序,如果网络访问是目标程序fork出去的进程发起的则不会受影响。

ForceBindIP works in two stages – the loader, ForceBindIP.exe will load the target application in a suspended state. It will then inject a DLL (BindIP.dll) which loads WS2_32.DLL into memory and intercepts the bind(), connect(), sendto(), WSAConnect() and WSASendTo() functions, redirecting them to code in the DLL which verifies which interface they will be bound to and if not the one specified, (re)binds the socket. Once the function intercepts are complete, the target application is resumed. Note that some applications with anti-debugger / injection techniques may not work correctly when an injected DLL is present; for the vast majority of applications though this technique should work fine.

作者声明支持的系统版本有:Windows NT/2000/XP/2003.

作者测试过可用的软件: DC++, uTorrent, Quake II, Quake III, Diablo II, StarCraft, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Earth, Infantry, Real Player, Unreal Tournament 2004 (requires -i), Outlook 2000 (requires -i).

不可用的软件: GetRight (anti-debugger / forking techniques), WinCVS (forks cvs.exe)

博主测试过在Windows7上无法正常工作。搜狗浏览器也不知道是什么原因没有效果。

使用方法:

ForceBindIP 1.2.3.4 c:fullpathtoapp.exe

还可以通过网卡GUID进行绑定,GUID可以从注册表中找到[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetServicesTcpipParametersInterfaces]

ForceBindIP {4FA65F75-7A5F-4BCA-A3A2-59824B2F5CA0} c:pathtoapp.exe

如果遇到程序崩溃或者什么意外情况可以尝试-i参数,这会让ForceBindIP等待目标程序进入它的消息循环后再注入DLL。

ForceBindIP -i 1.2.3.4 c:fullpathtoapp.exe

bind.c

/*
   Copyright (C) 2000  Daniel Ryde

   This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

   This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
   Lesser General Public License for more details.
*/

/*
   LD_PRELOAD library to make bind and connect to use a virtual
   IP address as localaddress. Specified via the enviroment
   variable BIND_ADDR.

   Compile on Linux with:
   gcc -nostartfiles -fpic -shared bind.c -o bind.so -ldl -D_GNU_SOURCE


   Example in bash to make inetd only listen to the localhost
   lo interface, thus disabling remote connections and only
   enable to/from localhost:

   BIND_ADDR="127.0.0.1" LD_PRELOAD=./bind.so /sbin/inetd


   Example in bash to use your virtual IP as your outgoing
   sourceaddress for ircII:

   BIND_ADDR="your-virt-ip" LD_PRELOAD=./bind.so ircII

   Note that you have to set up your servers virtual IP first.


   This program was made by Daniel Ryde
   email: daniel@ryde.net
   web:   http://www.ryde.net/

   TODO: I would like to extend it to the accept calls too, like a
   general tcp-wrapper. Also like an junkbuster for web-banners.
   For libc5 you need to replace socklen_t with int.
*/



#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <errno.h>

int (*real_bind)(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int (*real_connect)(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);

char *bind_addr_env;
unsigned long int bind_addr_saddr;
unsigned long int inaddr_any_saddr;
struct sockaddr_in local_sockaddr_in[] = { 0 };

void _init (void)
{
	const char *err;

	real_bind = dlsym (RTLD_NEXT, "bind");
	if ((err = dlerror ()) != NULL) {
		fprintf (stderr, "dlsym (bind): %sn", err);
	}

	real_connect = dlsym (RTLD_NEXT, "connect");
	if ((err = dlerror ()) != NULL) {
		fprintf (stderr, "dlsym (connect): %sn", err);
	}

	inaddr_any_saddr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
	if (bind_addr_env = getenv ("BIND_ADDR")) {
		bind_addr_saddr = inet_addr (bind_addr_env);
		local_sockaddr_in->sin_family = AF_INET;
		local_sockaddr_in->sin_addr.s_addr = bind_addr_saddr;
		local_sockaddr_in->sin_port = htons (0);
	}
}

int bind (int fd, const struct sockaddr *sk, socklen_t sl)
{
	static struct sockaddr_in *lsk_in;

	lsk_in = (struct sockaddr_in *)sk;
/*	printf("bind: %d %s:%dn", fd, inet_ntoa (lsk_in->sin_addr.s_addr),
		ntohs (lsk_in->sin_port));*/
        if ((lsk_in->sin_family == AF_INET)
		&& (lsk_in->sin_addr.s_addr == inaddr_any_saddr)
		&& (bind_addr_env)) {
		lsk_in->sin_addr.s_addr = bind_addr_saddr;
	}
	return real_bind (fd, sk, sl);
}

int connect (int fd, const struct sockaddr *sk, socklen_t sl)
{
	static struct sockaddr_in *rsk_in;
	
	rsk_in = (struct sockaddr_in *)sk;
/*	printf("connect: %d %s:%dn", fd, inet_ntoa (rsk_in->sin_addr.s_addr),
		ntohs (rsk_in->sin_port));*/
        if ((rsk_in->sin_family == AF_INET)
		&& (bind_addr_env)) {
		real_bind (fd, (struct sockaddr *)local_sockaddr_in, sizeof (struct sockaddr));
	}
	return real_connect (fd, sk, sl);
}

Read: 2998

[推荐]C代码优化方案

地址:http://blog.csdn.net/quanming1119/archive/2005/08/10/450545.aspx

华中科技大学计算机学院

姓名:    王全明

QQ       375288012

Email     quanming1119@163.com

目录__ 2

C代码优化方案__ 4

1、选择合适的算法和数据结构__ 4

2、使用尽量小的数据类型__ 5

3、减少运算的强度__ 5

(1)、查表(游戏程序员必修课)_ 5

(2)、求余运算__ 6

(3)、平方运算__ 6

(4)、用移位实现乘除法运算__ 6

(5)、避免不必要的整数除法__ 8

(6)、使用增量和减量操作符__ 8

(7)、使用复合赋值表达式__ 8

(8)、提取公共的子表达式__ 9

4、结构体成员的布局__ 9

(1)按数据类型的长度排序__ 10

(2)把结构体填充成最长类型长度的整倍数__ 10

(3)按数据类型的长度排序本地变量__ 10

(4)把频繁使用的指针型参数拷贝到本地变量__ 11

5、循环优化__ 12

(1)、充分分解小的循环__ 12

(2)、提取公共部分__ 13

(3)、延时函数__ 13

(4)、while循环和do…while循环__ 14

(6)、循环展开__ 14

(6)、循环嵌套__ 15

(7)、Switch语句中根据发生频率来进行case排序__ 16

(8)、将大的switch语句转为嵌套switch语句__ 17

(9)、循环转置__ 18

(10)、公用代码块__ 19

(11)提升循环的性能__ 19

(12)、选择好的无限循环__ 20

6、提高CPU的并行性__ 21

(1)使用并行代码__ 21

(2)避免没有必要的读写依赖__ 22

7、循环不变计算__ 23

8、函数__ 24

(1)Inline函数__ 24

(2)不定义不使用的返回值__ 24

(3)减少函数调用参数__ 24

(4)所有函数都应该有原型定义__ 24

(5)尽可能使用常量(const)_ 25

(6)把本地函数声明为静态的(static)_ 25

9、采用递归__ 25

10、变量__ 25

(1)register变量__ 25

(2)、同时声明多个变量优于单独声明变量__ 26

(3)、短变量名优于长变量名,应尽量使变量名短一点__ 26

(4)、在循环开始前声明变量__ 26

11、使用嵌套的if结构__ 26

Read: 2067

GCC编译优化设置

检查你的gcc版本:

# gcc –version

* 获取你的cpu的型号:

# cat /proc/cpuinfo

* 在/etc/下建立make.conf文件,并根据cpu的型号写入不同内容(注意你的gcc版本必须在3.0以上):

i386 (Intel)

CHOST="i386-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

i486 (Intel)

CHOST="i486-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium 1 (Intel)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium MMX (Intel)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium-mmx -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium-mmx -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium PRO (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentiumpro -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentiumpro -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium II (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Celeron (Mendocino), aka Celeron1 (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium III (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Celeron (Coppermine) aka Celeron2 (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Celeron (Willamette) (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Pentium 4 (Intel)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Eden C3/Ezra (Via)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=i586 -m3dnow -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=i586 -m3dnow -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

K6 (AMD)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

K6-2 (AMD)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=k6-2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=k6-2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

K6-3 (AMD)

CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=k6-3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=k6-3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon (AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon-tbird, aka K7 (AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon-tbird -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-tbird -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon-tbird XP (AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon 4(AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon-4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon XP (AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Athlon MP (AMD)

CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=athlon-mp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-mp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

603 (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"

603e (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"

604 (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"

604e (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char"

750 aka as G3 (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-mcpu=750 -O3 -pipe -fsigned-char -mpowerpc-gfxopt"
CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=750 -O3 -pipe -fsigned-char -mpowerpc-gfxopt"

7400, aka G4 (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-mcpu=7400 -O2 -pipe -fsigned-char -maltivec -mabi=altivec -mpowerpc-gfxopt"
CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=7400 -O2 -pipe -fsigned-char -maltivec -mabi=altivec -mpowerpc-gfxopt"

7450, aka G4 second generation (PowerPC)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-mcpu=7450 -O2 -pipe -fsigned-char -maltivec -mabi=altivec -mpowerpc-gfxopt"
CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=7450 -O2 -pipe -fsigned-char -maltivec -mabi=altivec -mpowerpc-gfxopt"

PowerPC (If you don’t know which one)

CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char -mpowerpc-gfxopt"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fsigned-char -mpowerpc-gfxopt"

Sparc

CHOST="sparc-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

Sparc 64

CHOST="sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"

好了,这样做后你编译出的程序运行效率将比以前高很多!只要你有时间,你可以把你的系统如 Red Hat Linux 9 的源代码(后缀.src.rpm)全部重新编译一次,你会发现你的Red Hat Linux系统将比原来快一大截!

Read: 1181

C/C++ 经典算法实例

二分查找的代码.

int bfind(int* a,int len,int val)

{

int m = len/2;

int l = 0;

int r = len;

while(l!=m && r!= m)

{

if(a[m] > val)

{

r = m;

m = (m+l)/2;

}

else if(a[m] < val)

{

l = m;

m = (m+r)/2;

}

else

return m;

}

return -1;   //没有找到

}

写出在母串中查找子串出现次数的代码.

int count1(char* str,char* s)

{

char* s1;

char* s2;

int count = 0;

while(*str!=”)

{

s1 = str;

s2 = s;

while(*s2 == *s1&&(*s2!=”)&&(*s1!=’0′))

{

s2++;

s1++;

}

if(*s2 == ”)

count++;

str++;

}

return count;

}

查找第一个匹配子串位置,如果返回的是s1长度len1表示没有找到

size_t find(char* s1,char* s2)

{

size_t i=0;

size_t len1 = strlen(s1)

size_t len2 = strlen(s2);

if(len1-len2<0) return len1;

for(;i        {

size_t m = i;

for(size_t j=0;j            {

if(s1[m]!=s2[j])

break;

m++;

}

if(j==len)

break;

}

return i    }

写出快速排序或者某种排序算法代码

快速排序:

int partition(int* a,int l,int r)

{

int i=l-1,j=r,v=a[r];

while(1)

{

while(a[++i]        while(a[–j]>v) if(j<=i) break;

if(i>=j)

break;

swap(a[i],a[j]);

}

swap(a[i],a[r]);

return i;

}

void qsort(int* a,int l,int r)

{

if(l>=r) return;

int i = partition(a,l,r);

qsort(a,l,i-1);

qsort(a,i+1,r);

}

冒泡排序:

void buble(int *a,int n)

{

for(int i=0;i    {

for(int j=1;j        {

if(a[j]            {

int temp=a[j];

a[j] = a[j-1];

a[j-1] = temp;

}

}

}

}

插入排序:

void insertsort(int* a,int n)

{

int key;

for(int j=1;j    {

key = a[j];

for(int i=j-1;i>=0&&a[i]>key;i–)

{

a[i+1] = a[i];

}

a[i+1] = key;

}

}

出现次数相当频繁

实现strcmp函数

int strcmp11(char* l,char* r)

{

assert(l!=0&&r!=0);

while(*l == *r &&*l != ”) l++,r++;

if(*l > *r)

return 1;

else if(*l == *r)

return 0;

return -1;

}

实现字符串翻转

void reserve(char* str)

{

assert(str != NULL);

char * p1 = str;

char * p2 = str-1;

while(*++p2);         //一般要求不能使用strlen

p2 -= 1;

while(p1    {

char c = *p1;

*p1++ = *p2;

*p2– = c;

}

}

将一个单链表逆序

struct list_node

{

list_node(int a,list_node* b):data(a),next(b) //这个为了测试方便

{}

int data;

list_node* next;

};

void reserve(list_node* phead)

{

list_node* p = phead->next;

if(p == NULL || p->next == NULL) return; //只有头节点或一个节点

list_node* p1=p->next;

p->next=NULL;

while(p1!=NULL)

{

p = p1->next;

p1->next = phead->next;

phead->next = p1;

p1 = p;

}

}

测试程序:

list lt;

lt.phead = new list_node(0,0);

lt.phead->next = new list_node(1,0);

lt.phead->next->next = new list_node(2,0);

lt.phead->next->next->next = new list_node(3,0);

lt.reserve();

list_node * p = lt.phead;

while(p)

{

cout<data<        p = p->next;

}

循环链表的节点对换和删除。

//双向循环

list_node* earse(list_node* node)

{

// if(node == rear) return node->next;    //对于头节点可判断也可不判断。最好加上

list_node* next = node->next;

next->prev = node->prev;

node->prev->next = next;

delete node;

retrun next;

}

//单项循环

list_node* earse(list_node* node)

{

// if(node == rear) return node->next;    //对于头节点可判断也可不判断。最好加上

list_node* p = rear;

while(p->next != node) p=p->next;

p->next = node->next;

delete node;

retrun p->next;

}

将一个数字字符串转换为数字.”1234″ –>1234

int atoii(char* s)

{

assert(s!=NULL);

int num = 0;

int temp;

while(*s>’0′ && *s<‘9’)

{

num *= 10;

num += *s-‘0’;

s++;

}

return num;

}

出现次数相当频繁

.实现任意长度的整数相加或者相乘功能。

void bigadd(char* num,char* str,int len)

{

for(int i=len;i>0;i–)

{

num[i] += str[i];

int j = i;

while(num[j]>=10)

{

num[j–] -= 10;

num[j] += 1;

}

}

}

.写函数完成内存的拷贝

void* memcpy( void *dst, const void *src, unsigned int len )

{

register char *d;

register char *s;

if (len == 0)

return dst;

if ( dst > src )   //考虑覆盖情况

{

d = (char *)dst + len – 1;

s = (char *)src + len – 1;

while ( len >= 4 )   //循环展开,提高执行效率

{

*d– = *s–;

*d– = *s–;

*d– = *s–;

*d– = *s–;

len -= 4;

}

while ( len– )

{

*d– = *s–;

}

}

else if ( dst < src )

{

d = (char *)dst;

s = (char *)src;

while ( len >= 4 )

{

*d++ = *s++;

*d++ = *s++;

*d++ = *s++;

*d++ = *s++;

len -= 4;

}

while ( len– )

{

*d++ = *s++;

}

}

return dst;

}

出现次数相当频繁

编写类String的构造函数、析构函数和赋值函数,已知类String的原型为:

class String

{

public:

String(const char *str = NULL); // 普通构造函数

String(const String &other); // 拷贝构造函数

~ String(void); // 析构函数

String & operate =(const String &other); // 赋值函数

private:

char *m_data; // 用于保存字符串

};

解答:

//普通构造函数

String::String(const char *str)

{

if(str==NULL)

{

m_data = new char[1]; // 得分点:对空字符串自动申请存放结束标志”的空

//加分点:对m_data加NULL 判断

*m_data = ”;

}

else

{

int length = strlen(str);

m_data = new char[length+1]; // 若能加 NULL 判断则更好

strcpy(m_data, str);

}

}

// String的析构函数

String::~String(void)

{

delete [] m_data; // 或delete m_data;

}

//拷贝构造函数

String::String(const String &other)    // 得分点:输入参数为const型

{

int length = strlen(other.m_data);

m_data = new char[length+1];     //加分点:对m_data加NULL 判断

strcpy(m_data, other.m_data);

}

//赋值函数

String & String::operate =(const String &other) // 得分点:输入参数为const型

{

if(this == &other)                   //得分点:检查自赋值

return *this;

delete [] m_data;               //得分点:释放原有的内存资源

int length = strlen( other.m_data );

m_data = new char[length+1];  //加分点:对m_data加NULL 判断

strcpy( m_data, other.m_data );

return *this;            //得分点:返回本对象的引用

}

剖析:

能够准确无误地编写出String类的构造函数、拷贝构造函数、赋值函数和析构函数的面试者至少已经具备了C++基本功的60%以上!

在这个类中包括了指针类成员变量m_data,当类中包括指针类成员变量时,一定要重载其拷贝构造函数、赋值函数和析构函数,这既是对C++程序员的基本要求,也是《Effective C++》中特别强调的条款。

实现strcpy

char * strcpy( char *strDest, const char *strSrc )

{

assert( (strDest != NULL) && (strSrc != NULL) );

char *address = strDest;

while( (*strDest++ = * strSrc++) != ‘’ );

return address;

}

编写一个函数,作用是把一个char组成的字符串循环右移n个。比如原来是“abcdefghi”如果n=2,移位后应该是“hiabcdefgh”

函数头是这样的:

//pStr是指向以”结尾的字符串的指针

//steps是要求移动的n

void LoopMove ( char * pStr, int steps )

{

//请填充…

}

解答:

正确解答1:

void LoopMove ( char *pStr, int steps )

{

int n = strlen( pStr ) – steps;

char tmp[MAX_LEN];

strcpy ( tmp, pStr + n );

strcpy ( tmp + steps, pStr);

*( tmp + strlen ( pStr ) ) = ”;

strcpy( pStr, tmp );

}

正确解答2:

void LoopMove ( char *pStr, int steps )

{

int n = strlen( pStr ) – steps;

char tmp[MAX_LEN];

memcpy( tmp, pStr + n, steps );

memcpy(pStr + steps, pStr, n );

memcpy(pStr, tmp, steps );

}

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